{"id":47586,"date":"2026-04-05T10:41:02","date_gmt":"2026-04-05T05:11:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gujaratweather.com\/?p=47586"},"modified":"2026-04-05T11:39:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T06:09:33","slug":"the-relative-oceanic-nino-index-roni-becomes-noaas-official-enso-classification-index-for-tracking-el-nino-and-la-nina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gujaratweather.com\/?p=47586","title":{"rendered":"The Relative Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (RONI) Becomes NOAA\u2019s Official ENSO Classification Index for Tracking El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Relative Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index<\/a>\u00a0(RONI) is now NOAA\u2019s official ENSO classification index for tracking El Ni\u00f1o (warm) and La Ni\u00f1a (cool) events in the eastern tropical Pacific. RONI is defined as the running 3-month mean of ERSST.v5 sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region (5\u00b0N\u20135\u00b0S, 120\u00b0\u2013170\u00b0W), with the average tropical mean (20\u00b0N\u201320\u00b0S) SST anomaly subtracted. The resulting difference is then adjusted so that its variance matches that of the original Ni\u00f1o 3.4 index. Events are classified when anomalies persist for at least five consecutive overlapping 3-month periods, exceeding +0.5\u00b0C for El Ni\u00f1o and falling below \u22120.5\u00b0C for La Ni\u00f1a.<\/p>\n

Why RONI Was Introduced<\/strong><\/p>\n

The introduction of the Relative Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (RONI) addresses a fundamental limitation in traditional ENSO indices such as the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI): their inability to fully account for long-term warming of the tropical oceans. ONI is based solely on sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region relative to a fixed or stepwise-updated climatology. As global temperatures rise, the background state of the oceans also warms, which can artificially enhance or suppress ENSO signals when viewed in isolation.<\/p>\n

RONI resolves this issue by expressing Ni\u00f1o 3.4 anomalies relative to the broader tropical mean (20\u00b0N\u201320\u00b0S). By subtracting the average tropical SST anomaly, RONI effectively removes the global warming signal and isolates the relative<\/em> temperature contrast that drives atmospheric circulation changes associated with ENSO. This makes RONI a more dynamically consistent measure of ENSO, focusing on the gradient between the eastern-central Pacific and the surrounding tropics rather than absolute temperatures alone.<\/p>\n

As a result, RONI provides a more stable and physically meaningful framework for identifying El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a events in a warming climate, reducing the risk of misclassification and improving consistency across decades.<\/p>\n

ENSO Alert System Status: La Ni\u00f1a Advisory \/ El Ni\u00f1o Watch<\/strong>
\nLa Ni\u00f1a is present.*<\/strong>
\nEquatorial sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are near-to-below-average in the <\/strong>east-central Pacific Ocean. Atmospheric anomalies over the tropical Pacific Ocean are consistent with La Ni\u00f1a.<\/strong>
\nA transition from La Ni\u00f1a to ENSO-neutral is expected in the next month, with ENSO-neutral favored through May-July 2026 (55% chance). In June-August 2026, El Ni\u00f1o is likely to emerge (62% chance) and persist through at least the end of 2026.*
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note: Statements are updated once a month (2nd Thursday of each month) in association with the ENSO Diagnostics Discussion, which can be found by clicking here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

RNino3.4 SST Anomaly\r\nYR   MTH   ANOM\r\n2025   1  -1.29\r\n2025   2  -0.98\r\n2025   3  -0.44\r\n2025   4  -0.59\r\n2025   5  -0.54\r\n2025   6  -0.33\r\n2025   7  -0.41\r\n2025   8  -0.69\r\n2025   9  -0.81\r\n2025  10  -0.81\r\n2025  11  -0.99\r\n2025  12  -0.99\r\n2026   1  -0.93\r\n2026   2  -0.72\r\n2026   3  -0.51<\/pre>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Relative Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (RONI): The three month running average of the relative Ni\u00f1o 3.4 index<\/caption>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1950<\/th>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1951<\/th>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1952<\/th>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1953<\/th>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1954<\/th>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1955<\/th>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1956<\/th>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1957<\/th>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1958<\/th>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1959<\/th>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1960<\/th>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1961<\/th>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1962<\/th>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1963<\/th>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1964<\/th>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1965<\/th>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n1.9<\/span><\/td>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1966<\/th>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1967<\/th>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1968<\/th>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1969<\/th>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1970<\/th>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1971<\/th>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1972<\/th>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n2.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1973<\/th>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.8<\/span><\/td>\n-1.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1974<\/th>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1975<\/th>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1976<\/th>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1977<\/th>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1978<\/th>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1979<\/th>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1980<\/th>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1981<\/th>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1982<\/th>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.8<\/span><\/td>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n2.4<\/span><\/td>\n2.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1983<\/th>\n2.5<\/span><\/td>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1984<\/th>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1985<\/th>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1986<\/th>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1987<\/th>\n1.6<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.6<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1988<\/th>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n-1.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1989<\/th>\n-1.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1990<\/th>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1991<\/th>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n2.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1992<\/th>\n2.3<\/span><\/td>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1993<\/th>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1994<\/th>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1995<\/th>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1996<\/th>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1997<\/th>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.7<\/span><\/td>\n2.0<\/span><\/td>\n2.3<\/span><\/td>\n2.4<\/span><\/td>\n2.4<\/span><\/td>\n2.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1998<\/th>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1999<\/th>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2000<\/th>\n-1.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2001<\/th>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2002<\/th>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2003<\/th>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2004<\/th>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2005<\/th>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2006<\/th>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2007<\/th>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2008<\/th>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2009<\/th>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2010<\/th>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2011<\/th>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2012<\/th>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2013<\/th>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/th>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2015<\/th>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.0<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n1.6<\/span><\/td>\n1.9<\/span><\/td>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n2.3<\/span><\/td>\n2.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2016<\/th>\n2.2<\/span><\/td>\n1.8<\/span><\/td>\n1.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2017<\/th>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2018<\/th>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n0.8<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2019<\/th>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Year<\/th>\nDJF<\/abbr><\/th>\nJFM<\/abbr><\/th>\nFMA<\/abbr><\/th>\nMAM<\/abbr><\/th>\nAMJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nMJJ<\/abbr><\/th>\nJJA<\/abbr><\/th>\nJAS<\/abbr><\/th>\nASO<\/abbr><\/th>\nSON<\/abbr><\/th>\nOND<\/abbr><\/th>\nNDJ<\/abbr><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2020<\/th>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.5<\/span><\/td>\n-1.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2021<\/th>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2022<\/th>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.3<\/span><\/td>\n-1.2<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2023<\/th>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n0.4<\/span><\/td>\n0.6<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n1.1<\/span><\/td>\n1.4<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n1.5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2024<\/th>\n1.2<\/span><\/td>\n0.9<\/span><\/td>\n0.5<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.3<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2025<\/th>\n-1.1<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.4<\/span><\/td>\n-0.5<\/span><\/td>\n-0.6<\/span><\/td>\n-0.8<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-1.0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2026<\/th>\n-0.9<\/span><\/td>\n-0.7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
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Author\u2019s Insight: Ashok Patel (2026): On the Dependence of RONI Rescaling on the Base Period
\n<\/strong>
\nRONI is often described as being \u201cclimatology independent,\u201d but this is only partly true. The index does successfully remove dependence on the mean tropical SST state by subtracting the tropical average anomaly from the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 anomaly, thereby minimizing the influence of background warming. However, the subsequent scaling step introduces a different kind of dependence. The monthly scaling factor (k\u2098), derived from the ratio of standard deviations, is tied to the variance structure of the chosen base period. As a result, RONI is not fully independent of climatology; rather, it is independent of the mean state, but explicitly dependent on the variability framework imposed by the chosen rescaling base period.<\/p>\n
Furthermore, the analysis shows that the scaling factor (k_m) is sensitive to the distribution and intensity of ENSO events within the base period<\/strong>. Changes in ENSO regime\u2014such as periods dominated by La Ni\u00f1a or strong El Ni\u00f1o events\u2014can alter the variance and hence the value of (k_m), leading to measurable differences in RONI. This demonstrates that RONI is a hybrid index: it combines a physically meaningful anomaly difference with a statistically derived normalization. Consequently, while RONI improves upon traditional indices by reducing mean-state bias, its magnitude remains influenced by the evolving variability of the climate system.<\/p>\n
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Relative Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (RONI) \u0ab9\u0ab5\u0ac7 El Ni\u00f1o \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 La Ni\u00f1a \u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0a95 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 NOAA\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0 ENSO \u0ab8\u0ac2\u0a9a\u0a95 \u0aac\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82<\/h4>\n
RONI (Relative Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index) \u0ab6\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a9b\u0ac7?
RONI \u0a8f ENSO (El Ni\u00f1o \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 La Ni\u00f1a) \u0aae\u0abe\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a8f\u0a95 \u0ab8\u0ac2\u0a9a\u0a95 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 Ni\u00f1o 3.4 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aa4\u0abe\u0aaa\u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0ab2\u0a88\u0a8f \u0a9b\u0ac0\u0a8f \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0a97\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0a89\u0ab7\u0acd\u0aa3\u0a95\u0a9f\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0ac0\u0aaf (\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aaa\u0abf\u0a95\u0ab2) \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab6 \u0aa4\u0abe\u0aaa\u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0aac\u0abe\u0aa6 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>\n
\u0a86 \u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0ac7, \u0ab8\u0aae\u0a97\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a97\u0ab0\u0aae \u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0ab8\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a98\u0a9f\u0abe\u0aa1\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aae\u0abe\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aa4\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aa4 \u0a9c\u0acb\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0ab3\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>\n
\u0a86 \u0aae\u0ab3\u0ac7\u0ab2 \u0aa4\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aa4\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0a9b\u0ac0 \u0aa5\u0acb\u0aa1\u0ac1\u0a82 \u201crescale\u201d \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab0 (variance) Ni\u00f1o 3.4 \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0ac0 \u0a9c \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac7.<\/p>\n